Monday, October 19th, 2020
Fact Inference Judgement (FIJ): It may seem like a very simple topic, but students often commit mistakes here. We need to be very cautious while attempting these questions. Let us master FIJs in 15 minutes!!
FIJs (Fact Inference Judgement) have not been asked in CAT for a few years now, but they can be asked again since CAT does not have a well-defined syllabus.
What is FIJ (Fact Inference Judgement)?
You are required to classify the statements as facts, inferences, or judgments according to the following criteria and then choose the most appropriate option. F, I, J stand for a fact, inference, judgment respectively.
FACTS :
Facts, which deal with the pieces of information that one has seen, heard or read, and which are known matters of direct observation or existing reality
Also, a fact is something open to verification or discovery.
You need to read the words carefully here. It is a piece of information which is known to people but may or may not be true.
Let us see an example:
“The Earth is flat” is a fact at that time, but not now.
ALL REPORTED STATEMENTS ARE FACTS.
AXIOMS ARE FACTS.
For example, Honesty is the best policy.
Here, we are stating what society has said or believes. And, since all reported statements are facts, it is a fact too.
Facts are :
INFERENCE :
Inferences are conclusions or logical deductions drawn about the unknown, on the basis of the known i.e. based on the facts. But what is this known and unknown that we are talking about?
Known – Fact which is required to prove a different proposition.
Unknown – It is something that we can use using the fact given as a premise.
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For example:
If there is a tsunami, people will be killed.
(Expectations or possibilities of something happening as a result of something else. )
FACT + LOGICAL DEDUCTION —–> INFERENCE
An inference is :
Let us look at an example to understand the difference between a fact and an inference:
1.Prajakta attends all the lectures.
2.Prajakta is very regular when it comes to attendance.
Statement 1 is a fact whereas statement 2 is an inference.
Judgments:
These are opinions or anticipations of common sense or intention that imply approval or disapproval of a person, action, situation etc.
A judgment:
Some tips to tackle FIJs (Fact Inference Judgement) :
Some steps to follow:
1.Search for facts.
These are the statements that can not be changed and hence, are facts. Look for statements which have a personality saying something / historical event / universal truth/ daily events etc.
2. Do not strike out any option because there is a possibility that you might have marked an inference as a fact.
3. Look for judgment.
Check the statements where someone is showing approval or disapproval or judging a situation as good or bad etc.
4. Search for inference
5. Check all the options with your obtained answer.
Now, let us work on some questions.
Questions:
Fact Inference Judgement (FIJ) SET 1:
1. JFIJ
2. JIJJ
3. FFIJ
4. FFJJ
Solution: 3
Let us consider all statements :
Statement 1:
The minister said that the Midday meal is a wonderful initiative.
Here, the main focus should be on the word “ the minister said”. As we learned earlier, all reported statements are facts.
Hence, statement 1 is a fact.
Statement 2:
The schools of the city have adopted the project and made plans to launch a number of programs.
This entire statement can be verified and hence is a Fact.
Statement 3:
With various segments of the society contributing towards it, Mid-day Meal initiative is going to be a success.
Judgments show the approval and disapproval, and this sentence is showing approval for Mid-day meal initiative by use of the word success. But look at the first part of the sentence- with various segments of the society contributing towards it; this is the reason for success. Thus, this is an unknown conclusion based on known facts and hence it is an INFERENCE.
Statement 4:
The Mid day meal initiative will go a long way towards a better and healthier India
This statement gives an approval but does not provide a reason for it hence it is a JUDGEMENT.
Fact Inference Judgement (FIJ) SET 2:
(CAT 2006)
1.JFIF
2.JFJJ
3.FFIJ
4.IFJF
5.JFJI
Solution: 5
Let us find out the fact here.
“The truth is “ in the second statement indicates that it is a fact.
The first statement is clearly a judgment. “ we should not “ indicates a personal opinion.
Red tape leads to corruption is clearly an opinion and is not based on any of the provided facts. Hence, it is a judgment.
“Potential to become: indicates that it is a conclusion. “Every red tape procedure is a point of contact with an official “ is verifiable. Based on this, the conclusion is drawn. Hence, it is an inference.
Fact Inference Judgement (FIJ) SET 3 :
( CAT 2006)
1.IIIJ
2.IFIJ
3.JFJJ
4.JJJJ
5.JFII
Solution: 4
Let us examine all the statements one by one.
In the first statement, “seems to be” indicates that it is somebody’s opinion. Hence, it is a judgment.
The second statement is again a person’s opinion.
The third statement says “this is the stuff joyful living is made of “ which is again an opinion.
“ Each moment is a celebration of you” is an opinion because when something happens, every person is affected in a different manner. Hence, it is also a judgment,
Fact Inference Judgement (FIJ) SET 4
(CAT 2006)
1.IJJI
2.JIJF
3.IIJF
4.JIIF
5.IJIF
Solution: 2
Let us check all the given statements.
In the first statement, use of “ one of the strongest “ suggests that there are more reasons, this being the strongest is a person’s opinion. Hence, it is a judgment.
In the second statement, “ we know that “ indicates that conflicts continue to trouble us is a fact which is the basis of the conclusion that they only change in character. Hence, it is an inference.
“Only insurance” in the third statement indicates that it is an opinion. Hence, it is a judgment.
In the fourth statement, the amount they can derive can be verified, hence it is a fact.
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Q4: North American walnut sphinx moth caterpillars (Amorpha juglandis) look like easy meals for birds
Q5: Both Socrates and Bacon were very good at asking useful questions.
Q6: A fundamental property of language is that it is slippery and messy and more liquid than solid, a gelatinous mass
Verbal Reasoning – Parajumbles
Q1: The process of handing down implies not a passive transfer, but some contestation in defining what exactly is to be handed down.
Q2: Scientists have for the first time managed to edit genes in a human embryo to repair a genetic mutation
Q3: The study suggests that the disease did not spread with such intensity, but that it may have driven human
Q4: This visual turn in social media has merely accentuated this announcing instinct of ours
Q5: The implications of retelling of Indian stories, hence, takes on new meaning in a modern India.
Q6: Before plants can take life from atmosphere, nitrogen must undergo transformations similar to ones that food
Q7: This has huge implications for the health care system as it operates today
Q8: Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning
Verbal Reasoning – Odd One Out
Q1: People who study children’s language spend a lot of time watching how babies react to the speech they hear
Q2: Neuroscientists have just begun studying exercise’s impact within brain cells — on the genes themselves.
Q3: The water that made up ancient lakes and perhaps an ocean was lost.
Q4: Although we are born with the gift of language, research shows that we are surprisingly unskilled when it comes to communicating with others.
Q5: Over the past fortnight, one of its finest champions managed to pull off a similar impression.
Q6: Those geometric symbols and aerodynamic swooshes are more than just skin deep.
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FIJs (Fact Inference Judgement) might seem a bit daunting as you start doing the questions, but can very easily be mastered with enough practice. Good luck!!
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